NATIONAL SCIENCE DAY

                                               National Science Day is celebrated in India on 28 February each year to mark the discovery of the Raman effect by Indian physicistSir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman on 28 February 1928.^[1]

For his discovery, Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.

History of National Science Day

National science day is celebrated as one of the main science festivals in India every year during which students of the schools and colleges demonstrate various science projects and national and state science institutions demonstrate their latest researches. The celebration also includes public speeches, radio-TV talk shows, science movies, science exhibitions based on themes and concepts, watching the night sky, live projects, research demonstration, debates, quiz competitions, lectures, science model exhibitions and many more activities. It is celebrated with immense passion by Radio Astronomy Centre (RAC),Ooty and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) at Khodad, Pune, Maharashtra which are world-famous telescopes that are operated at low radio frequencies by the NCRA (National Centre for Radio Astrophysics) established by the TIFR (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research) under the umbrella of DAE. A variety of activities is organized by the RAC and GMRT at the ceremony of National Science Day celebration in order to recognize their leading research activities in the field of radio astronomy and astrophysics. Variety of programmes is also held for the public and the student community in order to popularize science and technology in the country. The Minister of Science and Technology gives a message through his speech on this day to students, scientists, researchers and the general public of the nation.

OBJECTIVES IF CELEBRATING NATIONAL SCIENCE DAY

National Science Day is being celebrated every year to widely spread a message about the significance of scientific applications in the daily life of the people. To display all the activities, efforts and achievements in the field of science for human welfare. To discuss all the issues and implement new technologies for the development of the science. To give an opportunity to the scientific minded citizens in the country. To encourage the people as well as popularize the Science and Technology.

Themes of National Science Day

The theme of the year 1999 was “Our Changing Earth”.

The theme of the year 2000 was “Recreating Interest in Basic Science”.

The theme of the year 2001 was “Information Technology for Science Education”.

The theme of the year 2002 was “Wealth from Waste”.

The theme of the year 2003 was “50 years of DNA & 25 years of IVF – The blue print of Life”.

The theme of the year 2004 was “Encouraging Scientific Awareness in Community”.

The theme of the year 2005 was “Celebrating Physics”.

The theme of the year 2006 was “Nurture Nature for our future”.

The theme of the year 2007 was “More Crop Per Drop”.

The theme of the year 2008 was “Understanding the Planet Earth”.

The theme of the year 2009 was “Expanding Horizons of Science”.

The theme of the year 2010 was “Gender Equity, Science & Technology for Sustainable Development”.

The theme of the year 2011 was “Chemistry in Daily Life”.

The theme of the year 2012 was “Clean Energy Options and Nuclear Safety”.

The theme of the year 2013 was “Genetically Modified Crops and Food Security”.

The theme of the year 2014 was “Fostering Scientific Temper”.

The theme of the year 2015 was “Science for Nation Building”.^[2]

The theme of the year 2016 is on "Scientific Issues for Development of the Nation".

On 28 February 2009, five institutions in the country were presented National Award for Science Communication by the Indian Department of Science and Technology. These awards are presented to recognize the efforts of individuals and government and non-government bodies for the popularization of science in the country.

The highest award in 2009 was given to the Vikram Sarabhai Community Science Centre for its contribution to science-related learning material and conducting training programs on science education.^[3]

A Festival of Measurement and Space Fair was held at the Nehru Planetarium, New Delhi.^[4]

Dr. Pramod Kumar Mohapatra, G.S. Unnikrishnan Nair and Ms. Meenu Khare were awarded ₹ one lakh (1,00,000) for their individual contributions to the field.^[3] Jidnyasa Trust of Thane also received one lakh rupees (₹1,00,000) for setting up a science activity center. It is to make people aware about the science and technology.

Today In History. What Happened This Day In History

A chronological timetable of historical events that occurred on this day in history. Historical facts of the day in the areas of military, politics, science, music, sports, arts, entertainment and more. Discover what happened today in history.

february 26

364		On the death of Jovian, a conference at Nicaea chooses Valentinan, an army officer who was born in the central European region of Pannania, to succeed him in Asia Minor.
1154		William the Bad succeeds his father, Roger the II, in Sicily.
1790		As a result of the Revolution, France is divided into 83 departments.
1815		Napoleon and 1,200 of his men leave Elba to start the 100-day re-conquest of France.
1848		Karl Marx and Frederick Engels publish The Communist Manifesto in London.
1871		France and Prussia sign a preliminary peace treaty at Versailles.
1901		Boxer Rebellion leaders Chi-Hsin and Hsu-Cheng-Yu are publicly executed in Peking.
1914		Russian aviator Igor Sikorsky carries 17 passengers in a twin engine plane in St. Petersburg.
1916		General Henri Philippe Petain takes command of the French forces at Verdun.
1917		President Wilson publicly asks congress for the power to arm merchant ships.
1924		U.S. steel industry finds claims an eight-hour day increases efficiency and employee relations.
1933		Ground is broken for the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco.
1936		Japanese military troops march into Tokyo to conduct a coup and assassinate political leaders.
1941		British take the Somali capital in East Africa.
1943		U.S. Flying Fortresses and Liberators pound German docks and U-boat lairs at Wilhelmshaven.
1945		Syria declares war on Germany and Japan.
1951		The 22nd Amendment is added to the Constitution limiting the Presidency to two terms.
1964		Lyndon B. Johnson signs a tax bill with $11.5 billion in cuts.
1965		Norman Butler is arrested for the murder of Malcom X.
1968		Thirty-two African nations agree to boycott the Olympics because of the presence of South Africa.
1970		Five Marines are arrested on charges of murdering 11 South Vietnamese women and children.
1972		Soviets recover Luna 20 with a cargo of moon rocks.
1973		A publisher and 10 reporters are subpoenaed to testify on Watergate.
1990		Daniel Ortega, communist president of Nicaragua, suffers a shocking election defeat at the hands of Violeta Chamorro.
1993		A bomb rocks the World Trade Center in New York City. Five people are killed and hundreds suffer from smoke inhalation.
Born on February 26
1802		Victor Hugo, French novelist and poet (Les Misérables).
1829		Levi Strauss, creator of blue jeans.
1832		John George Nicolay, private secretary to Abraham Lincoln
1846		William Frederick Cody, aka “Buffalo Bill”.
1877		Rudolph Dirks, cartoonist, creator of the “Katzenjammer Kids.”
1879		Mabel Dodge Luhan, American biographer.
1893		I(vor) A(rmstrong) Richards, writer, critic and teacher.
1928		Antoine “Fats” Domino, American singer.

Today in Indian History
Events for February 26

26-February-320	Chandragupta I succeeded his father Ghatotkacha at Patliputra. He is known for establishing the Gupta dynasty. Gupta era begins.
26-February-1857	First Indian Revolution called the Sepoy Mutiny ends in a few months with the fall of Delhi and Lucknow which broke out in Berhampore by the 19th Bengal Infantry.
26-February-1858	Diwan Maniram and Piali Barua were hanged. (Grandson of Purandara Simha, the last Ahom king of Assam.)
26-February-1874	Sursingh Takhtsingh Gohil `Kalapi', famous Gujrati poet, was born.
26-February-1887	Sir Benegal Narsingh Rao, an eminent lawyer and political leader, was born. He was the first Indian President of UN Security Council in 1950.
26-February-1901	The notes of Rs twenty denomination were issued with two issuing circles. These notes had four numeric denominations.
26-February-1915	Pran Nath Chhuttani, great physician and teacher, was born.
26-February-1936	Manmohan Desai, prominent Hindi film-maker, was born.
26-February-1937	Manmohan Desai, film producer and director, was born.
26-February-1946	Mrinal Pandey, famous Hindi columnist, was born.
26-February-1966	34 national leaders charge Indira Gandhi's rule is 'constitutional dictatorship'.
26-February-1966	Vinayak Damodar Savarkar ""Veer"", great revolutionary freedom fighter, social reformer, politician and writer, passed away at the ripe old age of 83. He was known for the first person to flee by swimming from Port Blair Jail and was associated with right-wing Hindu Mahasabha, started the Abinav Bharat as a secret society of revolutionary terrorists. He was a great Novelist and Poe
26-February-1971	Noel David, Hyderabad off-spinner who played ODI in 1997, was born.
26-February-1972	President Varahgiri Venkat Giri inaugurated the Vikram Earth Satellite Station at Wardha near Arvi.
26-February-1975	Bhanubhai Shah established the first kite museum of India called 'Shankar Kendara' in Ahmedabad.
26-February-1976	V. S. Khandekar was honoured by Bhartiya Gyanpeeth Award for the novel 'Yayati'.
26-February-1984	Satellite Insat 1-B dedicated to the nation by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi.
26-February-1996	Parliament's budget session opens.
26-February-1996	Sahib Singh Verma sworn in as Delhi's second CM.
26-February-1998	Kalyan Singh wins the ''composite floor test'' in the Assembly, securing 225 votes against the 196 got by Jagadambika Pal.

CHILD LABOUR

Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.^[3] This practice is considered exploitative by many international organisations. Legislation across the world prohibit child labour.^[4][5] These laws do not consider all work by children as child labour; exceptions include work by child artists, family duties, supervised training, certain categories of work such as those by Amish children, some forms of child work common among indigenous Americanchildren, and others.^[6][7][8]

Child labour has existed to varying extents, through most of history. Before 1940, numerous children aged 5–14 worked in Europe, the United States and various colonies of European powers. These children mainly worked in agriculture, home-based assembly operations, factories, mining and in services such as newsies. Some worked night shifts lasting 12 hours. With the rise of household income, availability of schools and passage of child labour laws, the incidence rates of child labour fell.^[9][10][11]

In developing countries, with high poverty and poor schooling opportunities, child labour is still prevalent. In 2010, sub-saharan Africa had the highest incidence rates of child labour, with several African nations witnessing over 50 percent of children aged 5–14 working.^[12] Worldwide agriculture is the largest employer of child labour.^[13] Vast majority of child labour is found in rural settings and informal urban economy; children are predominantly employed by their parents, rather than factories.^[14] Poverty and lack of schools are considered as the primary cause of child labour.^[15]

Globally the incidence of child labour decreased from 25% to 10% between 1960 and 2003, according to the World Bank.^[16]Nevertheless, the total number of child labourers remains high, with UNICEF and ILO acknowledging an estimated 168 million children aged 5–17 worldwide, were involved in child labour in 2013.^[17]

21st century

See also: Children's rights

Child labour is still common in many parts of the world. Estimates for child labour vary. It ranges between 250 to 304 million, if children aged 5–17 involved in any economic activity are counted. If light occasional work is excluded, ILO estimates there were 153 million child labourers aged 5–14 worldwide in 2008. This is about 20 million less than ILO estimate for child labourers in 2004. Some 60 percent of the child labour was involved in agricultural activities such as farming, dairy, fisheries and forestry. Another 25 percent of child labourers were in service activities such as retail, hawking goods, restaurants, load and transfer of goods, storage, picking and recycling trash, polishing shoes, domestic help, and other services. The remaining 15 percent laboured in assembly and manufacturing in informal economy, home-based enterprises, factories, mines, packaging salt, operating machinery, and such operations.^[44][45][46] Two out of three child workers work alongside their parents, in unpaid family work situations. Some children work as guides for tourists, sometimes combined with bringing in business for shops and restaurants. Child labour predominantly occurs in the rural areas (70%) and informal urban sector (26%).

Contrary to popular beliefs, most child labourers are employed by their parents rather than in manufacturing or formal economy. Children who work for pay or in-kind compensation are usually found in rural settings, then urban centres. Less than 3 percent of child labour aged 5–14 across the world work outside their household, or away from their parents.^[14]

Child labour accounts for 22% of the workforce in Asia, 32% in Africa, 17% in Latin America, 1% in the US, Canada, Europe and other wealthy nations.^[47] The proportion of child labourers varies greatly among countries and even regions inside those countries. Africa has the highest percentage of children aged 5–17 employed as child labour, and a total of over 65 million. Asia, with its larger population, has the largest number of children employed as child labour at about 114 million. Latin America and Caribbean region have lower overall population density, but at 14 million child labourers has high incidence rates too.^[48]

A boy repairing a tire inGambia.

Accurate present day child labour information is difficult to obtain because of disagreements between data sources as to what constitutes child labour. In some countries, government policy contributes to this difficulty. For example, the overall extent of child labour in China is unclear due to the government categorizing child labour data as “highly secret”.^[49] China has enacted regulations to prevent child labour; still, the practice of child labour is reported to be a persistent problem within China, generally in agriculture and low-skill service sectors as well as small workshops and manufacturing enterprises.^[50][51]
In 2014, the U.S. Department of Labor issued a List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor where China was attributed 12 goods the majority of which were produced by both underage children and indentured labourers.^[52] The report listed electronics, garments, toys and coal among other goods.

Maplecroft Child Labour Index 2012 survey^[53] reports 76 countries pose extreme child labour complicity risks for companies operating worldwide. The ten highest risk countries in 2012, ranked in decreasing order, were: Myanmar, North Korea, Somalia, Sudan, DR Congo, Zimbabwe, Afghanistan, Burundi, Pakistan and Ethiopia. Of the major growth economies, Maplecroft ranked Philippines 25th riskiest, India 27th, China 36th, Viet Nam 37th, Indonesia 46th, and Brazil 54th - all of them rated to involve extreme risks of child labour uncertainties, to corporations seeking to invest in developing world and import products from emerging markets.

               What are Human Rights??????????

Human rights are rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of gender, nationality, place of residency, sex, ethnicity, religion, color or and other categorization. Thus, human rights are non-discriminatory, meaning that all human beings are entitled to them and cannot be excluded from them. Of course, while all human beings are entitled to human rights, not all human beings experience them equally throughout the world. Many governments and individuals ignore human rights and grossly exploit other human beings.

                        Human rights

For the United Nations Declaration on Human Rights, see Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The doctrine of human rights has been highly influential within international law, global and regional institutions.^[3] Actions by statesand non-governmental organizations form a basis of public policy worldwide. The idea of human rights^[8] suggests that "if the public discourse of peacetime global society can be said to have a common moral language, it is that of human rights." The strong claims made by the doctrine of human rights continue to provoke considerable skepticism and debates about the content, nature and justifications of human rights to this day. The precise meaning of the term right is controversial and is the subject of continued philosophical debate;^[9] while there is consensus that human rights encompasses a wide variety of rights^[5] such as the right to a fair trial, protection against enslavement, prohibition of genocide, free speech,^[10] or a right to education, there is disagreement about which of these particular rights should be included within the general framework of human rights;^[1] some thinkers suggest that human rights should be a minimum requirement to avoid the worst-case abuses, while others see it as a higher standard.^[1]Human rights are moral principles or norms,^[1] that describe certain standards of human behavior, and are regularly protected aslegal rights in municipal and international law.^[2] They are commonly understood as inalienable^[3] fundamental rights "to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being,"^[4] and which are "inherent in all human beings"^[5]regardless of their nation, location, language, religion, ethnic origin or any other status.^[3] They are applicable everywhere and at every time in the sense of being universal,^[1] and they are egalitarian in the sense of being the same for everyone.^[3] They require empathy and the rule of law^[6] and impose an obligation on persons to respect the human rights of others.^[1][3] They should not be taken away except as a result of due process based on specific circumstances;^[3] for example, human rights may include freedom from unlawful imprisonment, torture, and execution.

Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust,^[6] culminating in the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Paris by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948. Ancient peoples did not have the same modern-day conception of universal human rights.^[11] The true forerunner of human rights discourse was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval natural law tradition that became prominent during the European Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and which featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.^[6]From this foundation, the modern human rights arguments emerged over the latter half of the twentieth century,^[12] possibly as a reaction to slavery, torture, genocide, and war crimes,^[6] as a realization of inherent human vulnerability and as being a precondition for the possibility of a just society

Today in Indian History
Events for February 19

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                               

19-February-1389	Sultan Ghiyasu' d-din Tughluq Shah, emperor of Delhi, passed away.
19-February-1588	Pieter de Carpentier, flemish Governor General of Dutch East-Indies, was born.
19-February-1670	Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj, the great Maratha, was born.
19-February-1812	Congregational missionaries Adoniram Judson, 23, and his wife Ann, 22, first sailed from New England to Calcutta. (Judson eventually concentrated his labors in Burma.)
19-February-1818	Bapu Gokhle, last General of Maratha kingdom, passed away.
19-February-1855	U. V. Swaminathan Iyyer, mahamahopadhyay Tamil author, was born.
19-February-1861	Rani Rashmoni, great nationalist, who compelled the British to abolish the tax imposed on fishing in the river, ingeniously blocking the trade and commerce on the part of Ganges, passed away.
19-February-1891	Amrita Bazaar Patrika became a daily newspaper.
19-February-1895	Munshi Newal Kishore, great social worker, educationist, nationalist, philanthropist and a pioneer industrialist, passed away at the age of 59.
19-February-1902	Pandit Lallu Ram appointed as Hindi Professor at Fort William College, Calcutta.
19-February-1911	Merle Oberon, film actress (Assignment Foreign Legion), was born in Calcutta, India.
19-February-1915	Gopal Krishna Gokhale, social reformer, political leader and freedom fighter, passed away.
19-February-1919	Arvind Gokhle, great Marathi story writer, was born.
19-February-1922	Beant Singh, former Chief Minister of Punjab and politician, was born. He played a vital role in supressing terrorist activities in Punjab.
19-February-1949	Mass arrests of communists in India.
19-February-1956	Acharya Narendra Dev, the veteran freedom fighter, revolutionary, thinker and Chairman of PSP, passed away.
19-February-1974	Bombay High Oil stock was found in the sea near Mumbai.
19-February-1978	Pankaj Mallik, famous Bengali music director and playback singer, passed away. He was the singer of the famous Hindi song ""Piya Milan Ko Jaan
19-February-1986	Computerised railway ticket reservation system was introduced in New Delhi Railway station.
19-February-1992	A 12-member Congress (I) TUJS coalition ministry led by S. R. Burman sworn in Tripura.
19-February-1992	An all-time low turn out of about 30\% registered in the Punjab Assembly polls.
19-February-1992	The ruling Congress party wins local elections boycotted by Sikhs in Punjab.
19-February-1992	Shridhar Narayan Bendre, famous painter, passed away.
19-February-1993	German Chancellor Helmut Kohl receives the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding from the President.
19-February-1993	SC Jamir elected leader of the Congress (I) Legislature Party in Nagaland.
19-February-1993	Salseng C. Marak sworn in as the Congress-I CM in Meghalaya.
19-February-1994	Chambal dacoit Phoolan Devi, the Bandit Queen, was freed on parole after 11 years of incarceration.
19-February-1994	IRBM Agni Missile test fired successfully for the third time.
19-February-1995	National Research Centre for Oil Palm(NRCOP), the only institute exclusively devoted to Oil Palm research in India, was established.
19-February-1996	Biennial elections to fill 39 Rajya Sabha seats in nine states.
19-February-1997	Massive blowout in ONGC oil field at Devarapally, A.P.
19-February-2000	18 people die following a fire on the Ferozepur-bound 2137-down Punjab Mail between Dushkeda and Savada stations near Bhusaval, about 433 km from Mumbai.